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Evolutionary adaptation

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In the course of evolution, leaves have adapted to different environments in the following ways: citation needed Waxy micro- and nanostructures on the surface reduce wetting by rain and adhesion of contamination ( See Lotus effect ). Divided and compound leaves reduce wind resistance and promote cooling. Hairs on the leaf surface trap humidity in dry climates and create a boundary layer reducing water loss. Waxy plant cuticles reduce water loss. Large surface area provides a large area for capture of sunlight. In harmful levels of sunlight, specialized leaves, opaque or partly buried, admit light through a translucent leaf window for photosynthesis at inner leaf surfaces (e.g. Fenestraria ). Kranz leaf anatomy in plants who perform C4 carbon fixation Succulent leaves store water and organic acids for use in CAM photosynthesis. Aromatic oils, poisons or pheromones produced by leaf borne glands deter herbivores (e.g. eucalypts). Inclusions of crystalline minerals deter herbivor...
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Leaf

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A leaf (plural leaves ) is the principal lateral appendage of the vascular plant stem, usually borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Leaves are collectively referred to as foliage, as in "autumn foliage". In most leaves, the primary photosynthetic tissue, the palisade mesophyll, is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus , palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral. Most leaves are flattened and have distinct upper ( adaxial ) and lower ( abaxial ) surfaces that differ in color, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases), the amount and structure of epicuticular wax and other features. Leaves are mostly green in color due to the presence of a compound called chlorophyll that is essential for photosynthesis as it absorbs light energy from the sun. A leaf with ...
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